Problem 13: Candle Powered Turbine

“A paper spiral suspended above a candle starts to rotate. Optimise the setup for maximum torque.”

I. Phenomenon Demonstration

• Wind turbine powered by candles by Elaine Yap https://youtu.be/honY6CohgpI 
• School Science Projects Spiral Convection by DIY Projects https://youtu.be/sxFp3hchVYw

II. Books, Encyclopedia, Discussion and Forum Posts

• Characterization of Candle Flames by ANTHONY HAMINS* AND MATTHEW BUNDY https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=101159

III. Research Papers 

• Cross, Rod. “Rotating Ring on a Vertical Rod.” Physics Education 56, no. 2 (2021): 023003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/abd992.
• Favrin, S., Nano, G., Rota, R. (2016). Preliminary CFD analysis of a ventilated chamber for candles testing. https://re.public.polimi.it/retrieve/handle/11311/1016147/187157/Extended_Abs-Favrin.pdf
• K. M. Allan, J. R. Kaminski, J. C. Bertrand, J. Head, and P. B. Sunderland, Combustion Science and Technology 181, 800 (2009).
• M. P. Raju and J. S. T’Ien, Combustion Theory and Modelling 12, 367 (2008).
• S. Ghosh, S. Mondal, T. Mondal, A. Mukhopadhyay, and S. Sen, International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 2, 267 (2010).